A.J. Brown, History of Newton County, Mississippi, from 1834 to 1894 (1894)
http://www.scottlee.com/newtonhist/newton01.html
(p. 3)
"Dancing Rabbit Creek is in Noxubee county, near one of the original trading points where the Choctaws were in large numbers. There had been seven treaties with the Choctaw Indians previous to the one last named. The treaty of Hopewell, concluded January 3d, 1786; Fort Adams, December 17th, 1801; Hoe Buck-in-too-pa, August 31st, 1803; Mount Dexter, November 16th, 1805; Trading House, October 24th, 1816; Doak's Stand, October 18th. 1830; Washington, January 20th, 1825; and the last named, Dancing Rabbit Creek, 28th September, 1830. This treaty stipulate the immigration of the Choctaw Indians as fast as they could get off with safety to themselves in removing. They were to have the lands occupied by them in 1831, '32 and '33, which they complied with. The removal in 1833 took place in Newton and Jasper counties. The rendezvous was at Garlandsville, and they were taken largely from these two counties. "
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And from the Choctaw nation website:
Treaty of Hoe Buckintoopa
Introduction | 1786 | 1801 | 1802 | 1803 | 1805 | 1816 | 1820 | 1825 | 1830 | References
On August 31, 1803, the fourth treaty was signed. The Treaty of Hoe Buckintoopa
ceded 853,760 acres to the United States in exchange for the clearing of a Choctaw debt to Panton, Leslie, and Company, a trading company. As additional compensation, each of the two chiefs who signed the treaty received 15 pieces of strouds, 3 rifles, 150 blankets, 150 pounds of powder, 250 rounds of lead, 1 bridle, 1 man's saddle, and 1 black silk handkerchief. The same persuasive technique-the clearing of Choctaw debts in exchange for Indian land-was used repeatedly by owners of U.S. and foreign trading companies.5 It was used even thirty and forty years after 1830 to defraud the Choctaw of land granted to them in articles 14 and 19 of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek.
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http://www.electricscotland.com/history/world/panton_leslie.htm
"Panton, Leslie and Company, established in 1783 and headquartered in Pensacola from 1785-1830, was the Sears and Roebuck of its day, dealing in a variety of goods and servicing over a large geographical area. The company had trading posts scattered as far north as Memphis (then known as Chickasaw Bluffs) and as far west as New Orleans, including posts at Mobile and at several locations in Florida, the Bahamas, and in the Caribbean.
William Panton and John Leslie were merchants from Scotland who emigrated to Georgia. When the American Revolution heated up, they—being Loyalists—relocated to St. Augustine in British East Florida. Accompanying them were other Scots including Thomas Forbes, William Alexander, and Charles McLatchy. They were all experienced merchants involved in the Indian trade, and together they formed Panton, Leslie and Company (known as John Forbes and Company after 1805).
By the time the Company received its license in 1783, British East Florida had again become Spanish East Florida, and in 1784 we find John and Thomas Forbes, William Alexander, and William Panton joining other loyalists in the Bahamas. In 1785, however, William Panton and John Forbes relocated again to Pensacola and established the Company’s headquarters there.
By 1795 the company had a monopoly on the Indian trade from present day Memphis to St. Augustine, possibly due to the fact that one of their Pensacola stockholders (or partners according to one source) was Alexander McGillivray, chief of the Creeks. They also traded with the Seminoles, Upper and Lower Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Cherokees, and other Indian tribes. Even though under Spanish domination, many of these tribes preferred British goods, and the Panton-Leslie Scots were favored traders. As a result, by the late 1700s, the Company had annual business activities that exceeded $200,000.
In 1795, when the northern boundary for the Floridas moved up to the 31st parallel, Natchez and St. Stephens in Alabama became part of the United States, making it harder for the Company to collect money owed to it by those residing in that area, especially the Indians. However, through negotiations between the Company and the U.S. Government, arrangements were made for such debts to be paid through the transfer of property rights. As a result, Panton-Leslie was able to acquire, at one time, over three million acres of land. "
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Choctaw participate in the Treaty of Hopewell, 1786:
"ARTICLE I. The Commissioners Plenipotentiary of all the Choctaw nation, shall restore all the prisoners, citizens of the United States, or subjects of their allies, to their entire liberty, if any there be in the Choctaw nation. They shall also restore all the Negroes, and all other property taken during the late war, from the citizens, to such person, and at such time and place as the Commissioners of the United States of America shall appoint, if any there be in the Choctaw nation. "
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Fort Adams, 1801:
"As part of the treaty, the United States secured the right to construct a road through Choctaw country from Natchez, Mississippi, to Nashville, Tennessee. The chiefs said to the U.S. Commissioners: "We [the Council] came here sober. We wish to go away so; we, therefore, request that the strong drink, which we understand our brothers have brought here, may not be disturbed." "
posted by Lloyd at 11:32 AM
(in Furman Library)
Another city :
urban life and urban spaces in the new American republic /
Author(s): Upton, Dell.
Publication: New Haven : Yale University Press,
Year: 2008
Description: x, 395 p., [16] p. of plates : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 27 cm.
Language: English
Standard No: ISBN: 9780300124880 (cloth : alk. paper); 0300124880 (cloth : alk. paper); LCCN: 2008-1346
Contents: Part I. The lived city: Cities of perpetual ruin and repair ; The relics of civilized life ; The smell of danger ; Noise and gabble ; Seeing and believing -- Part II. Metropolitan improvements: The grid and the republican spatial imagination ; Gridding consumption ; Permutations of the pigeonhole : architecture as memory ; Gridding the graveyard ; Gridded utopias -- Part III. Public spaces and private citizens: On the waterfront ; In public walks.
posted by Lloyd at 6:15 AM 